Advanced technology for water purification by heterogeneous photocatalysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of 2,4–dichlorophenol (2,4–DCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) was examined using a prototype photoreactor fabricated by Nulite. The degradation of both pollutants proved very efficient as in 12 min it was possible to bring the concentration of 2,4–DCP from 10 to 0.5 p.p.m. and in a separate experiment the concentration of PCP from 100 to 0.5 p.p.b. The effect of flow rate on the degradation of 2,4–DCP in both single pass and multi–pass operation modes was investigated. In single pass experiments, the conversion (%) of 2,4–DCP initially decreased with increasing flow rate and levelled up at about 1–1.5 l/min. This indicates that the reactor operates more efficiently at higher flow rates. In the multi–pass experiments, the degradation rate of 2,4–DCP increases non–linearly with the flow rate. The effect of concentration (1.2–20 p.p.m.) on the degradation of 2,4–DCP was also investigated. The degradation rate of 2,4–DCP increases and the degradation rate constant decreases with increasing concentration of 2,4–DCP. The results are explained in terms of surface heterogeneity of TiO2. Partial removal of oxygen by bubbling nitrogen into the feed stream just before the photoreactor decreased the degradation rate markedly, whilst introducing oxygen or air increased the degradation rate considerably.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".