Adsorption of Model Naphthenic Acids in Water with Granular Activated Carbon
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work evaluated the adsorption performance of a commercial granular activated carbon (GAC) for three naphthenic acids (NAs) model compounds. In single-compound adsorption, the saturation capacity ( q m ) at pH 4 was 452.6 mg/g (1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid) > 357.9 mg/g (2-naphthoic acid) > 317.7 mg/g (diphenylacetic acid). Of all model NAs, adsorption of 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid was the most negatively affected in multi-component adsorption at pH 4. The q m decreased significantly with increasing pH due to its effect on both carbon surface charge and dissociation of the NAs. An important finding was that the total amount of NAs adsorbed in multi-component adsorption at pH 4 (326 mg/g) was almost the same as that adsorbed at pH 8 (324 mg/g), indicating the potential of activated carbon adsorption for removal of mixture of NAs from the real oil sand process water, which is basic (pH∼8) in nature.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it