Wide-Base Single-Tire and Dual-Tire Assemblies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Past studies suggest that wide-base single tires [WBSTs (455/55R22.5)] induce pavement strains that can be either more or less severe than those caused by dual tires of similar sizing, as strain depends on both the spatial direction of the strain and where the strain is located in the pavement. An experimental assessment of strain basins occurring at various positions within the hot-mix asphalt (HMA) layer, as well as within pavement unbound layers, was undertaken to further this understanding. The method and the results of this assessment, along with the pavement damage predicted by using available models are presented. Four failure mechanisms were considered: HMA rutting, both bottom-up and top-down fatigue cracking, and structural rutting. Testing was conducted at two sites on four roads over a range of loads, pressures, and temperatures by using WBSTs and different sizes of dual tires. Data analysis showed several critical strain zones near the tire edges and at the tire center. Optic-fiber sensors were used to analyze these phenomena. HMA rutting was calculated by considering vertical shear strain near the surface under the edge of the tires. Other failure mechanisms were calculated by using maximum strain. The results predicted that the WBSTs tested may induce less damage in the upper part of the HMA layer and more damage when fatigue cracking and rutting of soils and unbound materials are considered. Data collected were from specific tires, and all tests were conducted only under smooth, steady-state rolling conditions. Thus, results should neither be generalized to all tires nor extrapolated to the prediction of actual field performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".