Test Procedure of Utilizing Atomic Force Microscopy to Characterize Bitumen
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The microstructure of bitumen is responsible for the rheological properties and pavement performance, the change of microstructure had a significant impact on the bitumen behavior. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) technology has a great advantage on microstructure analysis and the microstructure had been proven to be a unique and reproducible property of a bitumen, but the challenge in applying AFM technology is to obtain samples which can reflect the true microstructure of bitumen. The paper mainly investigated the sample preparation, probe selection, and the structural characterization of the bitumen at the nanoscale by AFM. The results showed that molding method can guarantee the reproducibility and stability of sample and the AFM images obtained could reflect true microstructure of bitumen. According to basic modulus principle, nominal spring constant of AFM probe should be lower than 5 N/m at room temperature in tapping-mode. In addition, AFM cantilever material with back coating was recommended as results of the opacity of bitumen. “Bee-shaped” structure with several micrometers in length and 47–55 nanometers in height randomly distributing presented in base bitumen and SBS modified bitumen, the results were in agreement with previous studies. Although many studies reported the component of bee-shaped structure, it still remained unclear at present.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".