Regional Integration in North America and Europe: Lessons About Civil Rights and Equal Citizenship
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In an era of globalization facilitated by rapid technological change, regional integration of national economies has grown in popularity around the world. Europe and the Americas today both are in the midst of a grand experiment with regional integration. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has facilitated a freer flow of goods and capital between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Although the trade accord initially sparked controversy about the propriety of free trade between the three nations, they all ultimately approved the pact. The public controversy over the trade agreement focused little on human and civil rights. Nonetheless, these rights, particularly ones implicated by labor mobility, have emerged to the forefront in the years since NAFTA went into effect. Spain's experiences as part of the European Union's common market hold valuable lessons about the impact on regional integration of national markets on human and civil rights. At the same time, the history of Latina/os in the Americas should be of great interest to Spaniards, if not only because persons of Latin American ancestry represent the legacy of Spain's colonization of a large portion of the Western Hemisphere. California, for example, once was part of Spain; the Spanish initially settled the territory that later became part of Mexico and ultimately the United States. Spain's imprint on the hemisphere remains intact as Latin America today is largely Spanish speaking. Understanding this colonial history helps place the ongoing regional integration into context. Colonialism represented a form of expansion of markets and accumulation of resources similar to the desired economic impacts of regional integration. Although colonial relationships often came through force, regional integration constitutes the more acceptable modern alternative. In this vein, the analysis of regional integration in this series of essays reveals the economic, civil rights, and citizenship issues implicated by integration. The civil rights struggles of Latina/os in the United States, a focal point of LatCrit analysis, show the limits on integration as people move across the borders between the developing and developed worlds. With the help of Spanish legal scholars, LatCrit scholarship, which has been committed to investigating international law and human rights, stands to gain. As Spain grapples with the undocumented migration of North Africans into its territory, Spain, which like the United States has a southern border with the developing world, also may learn from studying the struggles of persons of Latin American ancestry in the Western Hemisphere. Part I of this article discusses the lessons of regional integration. Part II analyzes the specific human and civil rights consequences of the migration issues implicated by regional integration in North America and Europe.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.024 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.018 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".