Robust Test of the Flatbed Scanner for Air-Void Characterization in Hardened Concrete
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In the province of Ontario, Canada, the Ministry of Transportation administers a quality assurance testing program for all new concrete construction where air content and spacing factor are measured. Testing is performed by qualified operators in accordance with ASTM C457/C457M-12. In this study, 324 routine samples that had been tested by qualified operators were obtained and analyzed for air-void parameters by an alternative automated flatbed scanner method. A strong correlation was found between the manual and automated methods. This research explored the premise that summary statistics from a small set of training samples could be used to define a set of global threshold levels to measure air-void parameters from a much larger population. Two different methods for setting the global thresholds were tested: one based on arithmetic means, and another based on modal location parameters derived from type I extreme value distributions. The frequency of false-negative errors (failure to detect a defect) was used as a criterion to assess the different threshold methods. Automated test results derived using global thresholds based on arithmetic means minimized the occurrence of false-negative events.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".