Orthodontic treatment need of adolescents in the island community of Haida Gwaii, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need according to the Index of Complexity, Outcome, and Need (ICON) among schoolchildren of the island community of Haida Gwaii in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. Two elementary and two high schools in Haida Gwaii were approached for census sampling. Out of 535 schoolchildren, 215 (90 boys and 125 girls) agreed to participate (40.2% response) in this cross-sectional epidemiological study. A trained examiner assessed orthodontic treatment need in children employing the ICON score and the ICON complexity grade. The mean age (N = 215) was 12.9 ± 2.8 years. Of the examined schoolchildren, 67% had Aboriginal ancestry (at least one Aboriginal parent). The mean ICON score (N = 215) was 43.5 ± 26.2. There were no statistically significant differences in ICON scores for gender (t test, p = 0.207), ethnicity (t tests: paternal ethnicity, p = 0.886 and maternal ethnicity, p = 0.389), or school (ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni adjustment, p = 0.317). Overall, 43.7% of the surveyed Haida Gwaii adolescents needed orthodontic treatment (ICON > 43). Based on the ICON complexity grade, 31% of the schoolchildren had moderate to very difficult malocclusions; therefore, specialty orthodontic services are recommended in this remote community.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".