Towards the feasibility of wild-harvesting fruit from native Viburnum species (Adoxaceae) as a sustainable NTFP in Newfoundland (Canada)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sustainable non-timber forest product (NTFP) use requires species-specific biological and ecological knowledge. To assess the sustainability of wild-harvesting edible fruit from native Viburnum species [highbush cranberry (Viburnum opulus var. americanum), northern wild raisin (V. cassinoides var. nudum), and squashberry (V. edule)] in Newfoundland (Canada), plant density, fruit abundance and impact of moose browsing on growth were assessed. Success of propagation protocols established for these species elsewhere in their range and pollination requirements for northern wild fruit production were also assessed. Low and variable fruit production plus minimal fruit production and reduced height associated with moose browsing indicate increased wild harvest of Viburnum species may be unsustainable in Newfoundland. Northern wild raisin fruit set required outcross pollen and fruit production was pollination limited but may also be influenced by genetic variations and/or site heterogeneity. Vegetative propagation of cuttings was successful and cultivation of these species may enable sustainable NTFP use. -- Keywords: non-timber forest product; NTFP; Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides; Viburnum opulus var. americanum; Viburnum edule; fruit; propagation; pollination limitation, Newfoundland
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".