Gold nanoparticles formed directly on a membrane by ultraviolet light irradiation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There have been numerous research efforts directed towards the synthesis of gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) and the understanding of their formation, so that their size, shape, and stability can be well controlled for desired applications. Here, we report a dry photo-reduced method of Au NP formation directly on a membrane, such as a carbon thin film or a quartz slide. The evolution of Au NP formation was revealed by ex-situ experiments in an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope. The membranes were immersed in Au3+ solution before being taken out and quickly dried in ambient air at room temperature, then irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light with wavelengths of 189 nm and 254 nm in a low-pressure chamber. The results show that Au3+ ions and ion clusters self-assembled on the membrane surface before UV irradiation and that solid Au NPs with sizes of 3 nm–12 nm were formed after UV irradiation. Annealing at 40 °C for about 30 min helped to further stabilize the nanoparticles. The Au NPs were uniform and well dispersed, and should find applications in the electron microscopy field, for example.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".