Combined Surface-Activated Bonding Technique for Low-Temperature Cu/SiO<sub>2</sub> Hybrid Bonding
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work develops a combined surface-activated bonding (SAB) technique for low-temperature SiO 2 -SiO 2 and Cu-Cu bonding at 200 °C. The combined SAB technique involves combinations of surface activation by using surface bombardment by neutralized Ar ion beam containing Si atoms, water vapor exposure, and prebonding attach/detach prior to wafer bonding in vacuum. Bonding strength close to Si bulk fracture energy was achieved for both SiO 2 -SiO 2 and Cu-Cu bonding pairs. We suggest the enhanced –OH (both Si–OH and Cu–OH) chemisorption on the wafers and pre-bonding removal of excess H 2 O from the interface/surfaces are the key factors involved in the present low-temperature bonding technique. This technique is promising for 3D integration through Cu/SiO 2 hybrid bonding at no more than 200 °C.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".