Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In some parts of the USA and in Canada smouldering cigarettes are required to extinguish if placed on a certain number of layers of filter paper. This is usually achieved by the use of bands on the cigarette paper, which reduce oxygen diffusion into the cigarette. From a smoker's perspective, however, it is desirable that a cigarette does not extinguish if left to smoulder, for example, in an ash tray. To facilitate the design of papers for such cigarettes the influence of various cigarette parameters on self-extinguishment is investigated by numerical simulation of a one-dimensional cigarette model, which describes the main thermodynamic behaviour of smouldering cigarettes. The tobacco density, the tobacco heat capacity, the width of the bands on the cigarette paper and the heat released during combustion are chosen as parameters whose influence on the required oxygen diffusion constant of the bands on the cigarette paper is investigated. As these parameters are subject to a certain variation, it is assumed that the parameters are independently normally distributed. Based on this assumption the probability that a cigarette with given mean parameter values will extinguish, is calculated numerically. The results show that the admissible range of diffusion constants for the bands on the cigarette paper is in general quite small and it is reduced even further if statistical variations of the cigarette parameters are considered. The results provide guidelines for the appropriate choice of the diffusion constant of the bands on the cigarette paper such that the cigarettes comply with legal requirements and do not extinguish during normal smoking.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".