Insulin resistance is associated with skeletal muscle weakness in <scp>COPD</scp>
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Quadriceps weakness is seen across all GOLD stages of COPD and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. As quadriceps weakness is only weakly associated with FEV1 , mechanisms other than airflow obstruction are implicated. We tested the hypothesis that insulin resistance contributes to skeletal muscle weakness in people with stable COPD. METHODS: Fifty-one COPD patients (no exacerbations preceding 6 weeks, no rehabilitation preceding 3 months) without known diabetes mellitus underwent assessment of skeletal muscle, including measurement of quadriceps maximal voluntary contraction (QMVC). Physical activity was measured for 7 days using a multisensory biaxial accelerometer armband. Insulin resistance (HOMA2 IR) was calculated from fasting blood glucose and insulin concentrations. RESULTS: QMVC was 30 ± 13 kg (74 ± 25% predicted) and 16 (31%) participants had quadriceps weakness. There was a negative univariate correlation between HOMA2 IR and QMVC (r = -0.446, P = 0.002). HOMA2 IR was greater in people with quadriceps weakness (1.59 ± 0.99) than in those without (1.11 ± 0.55, P = 0.032). On multivariate analysis, with age, sex, weight, BODE index and step count per day included in the model, a one-unit increase in insulin resistance was associated with a 5.9 (2.0-9.8)-kg decrease in QMVC (P = 0.004) and a 4.2 (1.3-14.3)-fold increased risk of quadriceps weakness (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Insulin resistance is associated with skeletal muscle weakness in COPD, independent of potential confounders. Further studies are required to explore underlying mechanisms and determine whether insulin-sensitizing drugs could augment pulmonary rehabilitation in building skeletal muscle strength in COPD.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it