Cell-Type-Specific GABA Responses and Chloride Homeostasis in the Cortex and Amygdala
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The GABA responses of fast-spiking (FS) interneurons and regular-spiking (RS) principal cells were studied using whole cell and perforated-patch recordings in slices of the basolateral amygdala, neo-, and perirhinal cortex. In these three areas, responses to exogenous and synaptically released GABA were abolished by GABA(A) receptor antagonists in FS cells but also included a GABA(B) component in RS cells. Moreover, E(GABA(A)) of FS and RS cells differed from the calculated E(Cl) (-61 mV), but in opposite direction (FS, -54 mV; RS, -72 mV). This was not due to a differential dialysis of FS and RS cells by the pipette solution because the discrepancy persisted when recordings were obtained with the perforated-patch-clamp technique, using the cation-selective ionophore gramicidin. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of cation-chloride cotransporters revealed that the differing E(GABA(A)) of FS and RS neurons arises from cell-type-specific chloride homeostatic mechanisms. Indeed, the prevalent regulators of the intracellular chloride concentration are cotransporters that accumulate chloride in FS cells and extrude chloride in RS neurons. Thus, our results suggest that in the basolateral amygdala as well as in the parietal and perirhinal cortices, FS interneurons are more excitable than principal cells not only by virtue of their dissimilar electroresponsive properties but also because they express a different complement of GABA receptors and chloride homeostatic mechanisms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".