Early Cardiac Involvement and Risk Factors for the Development of Arrhythmia in Patients With β-Thalassemia Major
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cardiac iron overload is the most serious complication in thalassemia; even patients treated with intensive chelation suffer at a certain point from cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia. AIM: The aim of the study was to identify indicators of cardiac dysfunction in thalassemia as well as risk factors associated with the development of arrhythmia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 45 patients with β-thalassemia major were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the absence (group A) or the presence of arrhythmia (group B). Cardiac parameters in thalassemic groups were evaluated using 24-Holter recording, Stress electrocardiogram, and M-mode echocardiography. Serum ferritin and Cardiac T2* were used to assess the iron status. RESULTS: Group B showed significantly higher values of cardiac T2* and serum ferritin (P<0.05). Group B patients had significantly higher maximum heart rate with significant attacks of bradycardia and ST segment changes. In addition, they achieved a lower percentage of maximum age predicted heart rate and lower values of maximum metabolic equivalents (P<0.05). Significantly higher values of the left atrial diameter, the interventricular septum diameter, and the left-ventricle posterior wall diameter (P<0.05) were identified in group B. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in left atrial diameter, interventricular septum diameter, and left-ventricle posterior wall diameter seems to be related to the development of arrhythmia in patients with thalassemia, especially supraventricular arrhythmias.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".