Bibliographic record
Abstract
On 5 April 1844, the twenty-year old Francis Parkman (1823-93) wrote to his mother, Caroline Hall Parkman (1794-1871), from Rome.'He had been there for some six weeks and was about to leave for Florence.He had fallen under the charm of the Eternal City."You may think two months a long time to remain in Rome, but it is not too much to see the place thor- oughly-in fact, it is not half enough.I do not think the time could be more profitably spent."^H e was careful to reassure her that his extended stay had nothing to do with a new penchant towards Roman Catholicism: "The farce of [Joseph] Coolidge Shaw has not been reenacted in my person."J.C. Shaw (1821-50 ori 851), as we shall see, was a cousin of the Parkmans and had recently converted, vainly trying to persuade Parkman to follow his example."We are in the midst of the fooleries before the Holy Week," Parkman continued, going on to describe the weeks before Easter and the pagan rites performed by the superstitious faithful in their thousands.^Almost 46 years later, a historian of great repute, Parkman was still using expressions of the kind to describe his days in Rome to a consider- ably wider public.That had proved a useful, first-hand introduction to the Catholic world he was afterwards to write about so extensively in his books, he explained.However, it had had no particular effect on his philosophical or religious convictions, despite the many positive aspects he was forced to acknowledge in so many members of the Catholic Church.'^OneA preliminary and shorter version of this article was published as Luca Codignola, "Francis Parkman.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.027 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".