Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article reviews the events that led to the emergence of external disequilibria in the Czech economy. The first signs of a foreign trade deficit appeared in 1994, but, during 1995, a massive inflow of foreign capital more than compensated for the current account deficit. Beginning in the first quarter of 1996, the decreasing capital inflow was unable to offset the accelerated deterioration of the current account, thus the entire balance of payments ended in debit. These negative tendencies peaked between 1996 and 1997, and, combined with other economic results, induced the government to intervene through two sets of policy initiatives known as package 1 and package 2. The results of these predominantly restrictive measures were evident by the third quarter of 1997. Since then, the deficit in the current account has been decreasing, while the capital account has undergone several swings. The results of the first quarter of 1998 were encouraging, and the rest of the year confirmed the favorable change in trends. The evolution of foreign trade at the beginning of 1999 demonstrates that external imbalance has ceased to be a macroeconomic priority; the central issue is now the revival of economic growth. We shall analyze in detail each step in the development of the external imbalance. We will attempt to identify basic tendencies for individual stages and to name the major factors leading to these stages. Table I shows basic data regarding the balance of payments, and Figure I helps to visualize the development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.049 | 0.011 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".