Multiple factors in marine environments affecting lobster survival, development, and growth, with emphasis on alkylphenols: a perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A major die-off of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) population in Long Island Sound (LIS) occurred in 1999, involving multiple causes, including increases of temperatures, decreasing oxygen concentrations, and pollutants. Other possible affectors were stress to their immune system, microbial population changes, which may have induced shell disease, water acidification, and insecticides. We examined LIS alkylphenol pollution. Alkylphenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates, and bisphenol A (BPA) are produced in excessive amounts, with BPA estimated at 8 billion pounds per year (1 lb = 0.453 kg). Sixty percent of alkylphenols enter the marine environment and have estrogenic endocrine-disrupting effects on vertebrates. We found multiple effects of alkylphenols on lobsters, on larval survival, molting and postlarval molting, shell hardening, and interference in metamorphosis causing larval–juvenile intermediates. We also found evidence for a basic molecular mechanism of action for alkylphenols through juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysone receptors. Alkylphenols appear to have contributed to the decrease in the LIS lobster population. We recommend remediation, reducing, or eliminating alkylphenols from the marine environment to protect lobsters as well as other organisms.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".