Small to intermediate strain properties of fly ashes with various carbon and biomass contents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High-carbon-content fly ashes with biomass particles are typically landfilled in accordance with the ASTM C618 regulation. To quantify their geotechnical properties relating to storage and disposal, this study evaluates the small to intermediate strain properties of fly ashes with various carbon and biomass contents. Tested fly ashes had carbon contents ranging from 1.1% to 9.6%, resulting from co-combusting coal with biomass (biomass contents ranging from 0% to 8.2% by weight). The small-strain stiffness and intermediate-strain constrained modulus were evaluated using consolidation tests performed in a modified oedometer cell equipped with bender elements. It was found that initial void ratio governed the compressibility (or constrained modulus) of fly ashes, and with an increase in carbon and biomass contents, the small-strain stiffness of fly ashes decreased due to the decrease in number of direct contacts between microspheres. In addition, the interfine void ratio, ef, was employed instead of global void ratio to capture the alteration of interparticle contact or interparticle coordination between microspheres, due to the change in carbon and biomass contents. Finally, the stiffness in an overconsolidated state and the stiffness anisotropy of fly ashes were evaluated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".