Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Syphilis Co-Infections among HIV Infected Patients at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Victims of HIV infection may suffer a co-infection with hepatitis B and C viruses that share similar mode of transmission. Syphilis, a major cause of Sexually Transmitted Infections, is known to predispose to the transmission of these infections. Aim: The objective of this study is to determine the seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and Syphilis co-infections with HIV. Methodology: It is a cross sectional study conducted at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) Benin City. Consecutive patients were sampled using an interviewer administered questionnaire after obtaining an informed consent. Venous blood sample was collected from each patient. HBsAg, Anti-HCV, was tested using one-step rapid test kits by Clinotech’s Diagnostics, Canada. Anti- Treponema pallidum testing was done using rapid test strip by Global Strip Reagents, USA and CD4 + count analyzed by Cyflow SL3 Green Germany. Results: A total of 320 patients were analyzed. Twenty eight (8.8%) had HBV co-infection,16 (5%) had HCV co-infection and 12 (3.8%) had syphilis co-infection with HIV. There was no significant difference in the mean CD4 + counts of patients with HBV, HCV and syphilis co-infections and those who were not co-infected as P values were 0.52, 0.52 and 0.75 respectively. Conclusion: There is a relatively high prevalence of HBV, HCV and Syphilis co-infection in this locality. The high prevalence, not related to CD4 + count, suggests that the co-infection is not an opportunistic event associated with Immunosuppresion of HIV disease. Keywords : Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Syphilis, Coinfection, Benin City
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".