Transforming Growth Factor-β<sub>1</sub> in Balkan Endemic Nephropathy
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
<i>Background/Aim:</i> The aim of this study was to compare plasma and urine transforming growth factor-β<sub>1</sub> (TGF-β<sub>1</sub>) levels in patients with different stages of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) with those in patients with primary glomerulonephritis (GN) and healthy controls. <i>Methods:</i> The study involved 47 patients with BEN (30 with manifest BEN and 17 in the early stage of BEN), 12 patients with GN and 10 healthy controls. Plasma and urine TGF-β<sub>1</sub> was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. <i>Results:</i> The median plasma TGF-β<sub>1</sub> levels differed nonsignificantly between the groups (4,908–6,442 pg/ml), but individual plasma TGF-β<sub>1</sub> levels in BEN patients exhibited the highest dispersion. Median urinary TGF-β<sub>1</sub> excretion (pg/mg creatinine) was significantly higher in patient groups (manifest BEN: 203, early-stage BEN: 341, GN: 775) than in healthy controls (42). No correlation was found between plasma and urine TGF-β<sub>1</sub> levels or between plasma TGF-β<sub>1</sub> levels and creatinine clearance for any of the examined groups. <i>Conclusion:</i> Plasma TGF-β<sub>1</sub> levels in BEN patients extended over the widest range, but no significant differences were found between the median values for the groups. Median urinary TGF-β<sub>1</sub> excretion was significantly higher in patients with BEN and GN than in healthy controls.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it