Fermented Soymeals and Their Reactive Blends with Poly(butylene adipate-<i>co</i>-terephthalate) in Engineering Biodegradable Cast Films for Sustainable Packaging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The main goal of this research was to utilize an inexpensive soymeal (SM) rather than an expensive purified soy protein isolate and soy protein concentrate for biobased and biodegradable sustainable film development. Green processing approaches of soymeal, with the aim of destructurizing its carbohydrates that are deterrent to plastic making, were conducted. This process involves natural fermentation (NF), yeast fermentation (YF), and simultaneous enzyme saccharification and fermentation (YEF). Soymeals treated as such were then plasticized with glycerol and blended with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). Compatibilization of the fermentation treated and plasticized soymeal with PBAT was also conducted via reactive extrusion. The resulting blended materials were then extrusion casted to produce films of 0.35 mm thickness. The performance of the film, including mechanical, thermal, morphology, and water resistance as a function of the fermentation treatments, and compatibilization were evaluated. Composition analysis and a morphology study showed that YEF provided better destructurization of carbohydrates leaving behind a protein rich residue that was used for film making. Consistent with this observation, the YEFSM–PBAT blend films exhibited better tensile properties, thermal stability, and moisture resistance. Also, significant improvements in tensile strength, water resistance, and thermal stability of the films were achieved as a result of the compatibilization of PBAT with the plasticized protein meals. Fermentation of soymeal was found to be an effective and inexpensive method of destructurizing unnecessary carbohydrates for plastic production without the use of any toxic chemicals or extraction techniques. These results can be extended to other protein rich biomasses such as canola meal and corn meal. The developed blend films showed promising performance with several potential biodegradable applications including consumer bags, packaging film, agricultural mulch film, and silage wraps.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".