Free Radical–Mediated Damage to Brain in Alzheimer’s Disease: Role of Acrolein and Preclinical Promise of Antioxidant Polyphenols
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Brain aging is associated with accumulation of oxidation-induced damage, likely due to the imbalance between antioxidant defenses and intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disease with multiple causes, and aging is considered as the major risk factor for the development of this disease. From early stages, oxidative damage is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of this disorder. Lipid peroxidation generates various by-products such as F2α-isoprostane, 4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde, and acrolein with the latter being the most reactive. In the neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cell line, our results show that acrolein can induce cell toxicity through a nonapoptotic pathway. Moreover, acrolein can alter the redox state by depleting glutathione levels. Considering the role of oxidative stress and the toxic effect of by-products of lipid oxidation, intake of compounds with antioxidant activities such as polyphenolic compounds may be beneficial in the prevention of AD. In this chapter, we will review the role of free radical–mediated damage in AD and in transgenic mouse models and present the main intracellular target of polyphenolic compounds underlying their potential neuroprotective effect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".