Permittivity measurement of liquids, powders, and suspensions using a parallel‐plate cell
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This work describes the measurement of complex permittivity (or dielectric constant) of powders (water insoluble), solutions, and suspensions using a parallel‐plate capacitor cell. An impedance analyzer measures the cell's impedance at radio frequencies used in nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging (10–300 MHz) through an appropriate test fixture. The cell's impedance is fitted to an equivalent circuit using a Matlab script or other software, and the permittivity of the material is extracted after calibration with known materials. The permittivity of the solid material is obtained from that of the powder suspension using known mixing rules. Measurements for most materials tested are in agreement with those obtained using standard coaxial probes. Some discrepancies are observed for loose powders because of the difficulty of controlling the amount of packing. For high‐permittivity materials or conductive solutions an enhanced equivalent circuit has been found that characterizes the cell's behavior over the full frequency range. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 46B: 19–24, 2016
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".