Turning Bulk Titanium into Rutile Nanorods in One Step: Synthesis, Mechanism, and Application
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A one-step method is introduced for synthesizing rutile TiO 2 nanorods (TNRs) directly from Ti metal. TNRs are generated by hydrothermally processing a Ti metal disc in H 2 SO 4 /CuSO 4 solutions at 150 °C. In a 112-day long experiment, different ledgewise growth mechanisms are observed in the early (7-day) and the late (112-day) stages of TNR formation. A unique phenomenon is observed in that the length of the TNRs is a function of processing time and the H 2 SO 4 /CuSO 4 concentration, whereas the diameter of the TNRs is almost unaffected. It is found that the diameter of these nanorods can only be affected by variation of temperature. A mechanism involving the critical dimension of the (101) growth front is proposed in this paper. In addition, methyl orange degradation efficiency of 90% was achieved when the fabricated TNRs were used as immobilized photocatalysts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".