Education Spending and Workforce Quality as Determinants of Economic Growth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several studies suggest that there is a statistically significant, positive relationship between education expenditures and economic growth in the U.S. states and among developed countries. Conversely, some literature suggests that there is no link between education spending and economic growth. There are several explanations given for the lack of a link between spending and growth including higher levels of taxation dampening growth, spending on administration instead of teaching, and poor student-teacher ratios. Our analysis of county level expenditures and demographics finds that it is not the expenditures that matter but the educational attainment level of the workforce. While a locally provided high school degree is still important, it is no longer an end but a means toward attaining a college degree, potentially obtained outside the jurisdiction. These results imply that local development officials must do more than spend on primary and secondary education; they must attract and/or retain college educated individuals as well. Keywords: education, regional economics, economic development, growth, public finance, workforce ------------------------------------------------------------- Resume Plusieurs etudes suggerent qu'il y a une relation statistiquement positive et significatrice entre les depenses d'education et la croissance economique aux Etats-Unis et parmi les pays developpes. Inversement, certaines etudes suggerent qu'il n'y a aucun lien entre les depenses d'education et la croissance economique. Il y a plusieurs explications attribuees a ce manque de liens entre les depenses et la croissance incluant les hauts niveaux de taxation qui freinent les hausses, les depenses administratives plutot qu'en enseignement, et les faibles ratios etudiant-enseignant. Notre analyse des depenses et de la demographie au niveau du Comte montre que l'important n'est pas les depenses mais l'atteinte du niveau educationnel par la force de travail. Alors qu'un diplome d'ecole secondaire local est toujours important, ce n'est plus une fin en soi mais un objectif vers l'atteinte d'un diplome collegial, potentiellement obtenu a l'exterieur de la juridiction. Ces resultats impliquent que les fonctionnaires du developpement local doivent faire davantage que depenser dans l'education au primaire et au secondaire; ils doivent aussi attirer et garder des individus eduques au niveau collegial.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".