Selenium absorption and bioactivity in dogs are affected by dietary format
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: The main function of the essential trace mineral selenium (Se) is the protective effect against oxidative stress. Raw materials of dog foods vary greatly in their Se concentration and availability and canned diets are formulated with different raw materials than kibble diets. These dietary formats (canned and kibble) also undergo a different type of processing. However, the current recommendation on Se in dog foods is not format specific. Our previous in vitro study already identified dietary format (canned vs. kibble) and protein digestibility as the main determinants of in vitro Se accessibility in dog foods. The present study was designed to evaluate if these findings are reflected in in vivo Se absorption, i.e. the fraction of dietary Se that reaches the systemic circulation, and Se bioactivity, i.e. the amount of Se that can be used for incorporation into enzymes. Material and methods: Twenty-four Labrador retrievers were randomized to four balanced groups in an incomplete cross-over design in which they were fed 4 of 8 diets during 6 transition days and 29-43 experimental days. The 8 diets were commercially available and varied in format (canned or kibble) and crude protein (CP) concentration. For every format, diets with an intended concentration of 9.6, 14.3, 19.1 and 23.9 g CP/MJ ME were selected. At the end of every feeding period, blood, urine and faecal samples were collected. Blood was analysed for whole blood glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and serum Se. Urine samples were analysed for total Se and creatinine (CT) and faeces for Se. Apparent Se absorption was calculated as the percentage of Se intake that was not found in the faeces. Data were analysed using linear mixed effects models to investigate the effects of actual CP intake, format and their interaction. Results and discussion: The average dietary Se content of the canned and kibble diets was 40.6 and 22.3 µg/MJ ME, respectively. Canned diets also had a higher dietary Se content in our in vitro study; 34.8 µg/MJ ME in canned (n=20) vs. 22.5 µg/MJ ME in kibble diets (n=23). This indicates that a higher dietary Se content is inherent to canned diets. Both apparent Se absorption (as % of Se intake) and urinary Se excretion corrected for the absolute amount of absorbed Se were lower in canned compared to kibble diets (p<0.001 and p<0.001, resp.). The former is in accordance with our in vitro Se accessibility findings(3). In contrast to the in vitro study, CP did not have a significant impact on Se absorption (p=0.753). The potential bioactivity was higher in canned than in kibble diets and decreased with increasing CP intake as measured by GPx (p<0.001 and p<0.001, resp.). This may be partly attributed to the higher amount of dietary Se in canned diets. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that kibble diets result in a higher percentage of apparent Se absorption, but that feeding canned diets causes a higher absolute amount of biologically active Se (in this study measured as GPx). Therefore, recommended allowances for Se should take dietary format into account.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.014 | 0.020 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".