Sex differences in the fetal programming of hypertension: role of adrenal phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase gene expression (680.21)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids (GCs) predisposes to hypertension in later life. GCs regulate catecholamine biosynthesis and are critical for blood pressure homeostasis. This study examined whether prenatal exposure to elevated GCs influences the development of adult hypertension via alterations in phenylethanolamine N‐methyl transferase (PNMT), a gene that is linked to hypertension. Pregnant Wistar‐Kyoto dams were injected with 100 μg/kg/day of the synthetic GC dexamethasone (DEX) in their third trimester. Blood pressure and weights of the offspring were measured from week 3‐18, at which point the animals were sacrificed. Total RNA and protein were extracted from the adrenals, and the expression of PNMT and its regulatory transcription factors analyzed by qPCR and Western blot. Results reveal that in utero exposure to DEX promotes the development of hypertension in the offspring. A more pronounced increase in blood pressure was seen in males than females. The mRNA transcripts for PNMT, and its transcriptional regulators Egr‐1, Sp1, GR and AP‐2, were elevated in the adrenals of these animals compared to saline controls, with differences in both sexes. Preliminary Western data also shows upregulation of PNMT and the transcription factor Egr‐1. These results suggest that prenatal GC exposure increases adrenal PNMT gene expression via altered transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Grant Funding Source : Supported by CIHR
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".