Electrodeposition of ZnO for Application in Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ZnO has been electrodeposited from 0.5 M Zn(NO3)2 at pH 4.5 with and without polyethylene glycol (PEG) as additive. Cyclic voltammetry on FTO substrates reveals two electrochemical regimes, where reduction of nitrate and water are rate determining, respectively. ZnO films were galvanostatically electrodeposited as a function of the deposition current density: at low current densities, where nitrate reduction is rate determining, highly crystalline ZnO films were obtained, whereas amorphous ZnO films were obtained at higher current densities, where water reduction dominates. The amorphous films transform to crystalline ZnO upon sintering, and SEM images show that the presence of PEG results in a homogeneous film morphology. The films were used for the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), resulting in solar cell conversion efficiencies of up to 1.4% for non-sintered ZnO films deposited at low current density (without PEG), while the best cells were obtained with films electrodeposited from the plating bath with 0.15 mM PEG with efficiencies of up to 1.8% for sintered films prepared at higher current density. These results illustrate that the presence of PEG in the plating bath optimizes the film morphology and, hence, the performance of ZnO-based dye-sensitized solar cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".