The influence of water quality on the demand for residential development around Lake Erie
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In early 1970s, it was said that Lake Erie was dead.In 1950s and 1970s, the water of the Lake was pea-green colored due to excessive phosphorous from sewage and runoffs from farmlands and homeowners.There were many closed beaches and fish from the Lake was not edible.However, water quality has improved dramatically since the Clean Water Act of 1972.The pace of residential and commercial development around the shoreline of Lake Erie increased considerably following substantial improvements in the Lake's water quality and clarity.A double-edged sword exists since increases in water quality are followed by increases in residential and lake-related development, which in turn can degrade the lake and the amenities it provides.In fact, although the phosphorous level declined in 1980s, we are observing an increasing trend starting from 1990s and the trend continues until today.As for water clarity, although its level hit the peak in 1995, we observe the decreasing trend afterwards.In this study, we focus on the effects of water quality on housing values to evaluate water quality-housing value as the relationship on the one side of the double-edged sword.Both the first and the second stage of hedonic price analysis are conducted with identified housing submarkets by using Hierarchical Clustering with quantized similarity measures in the region including Erie, Lorain, Ottawa and Sandusky Counties located
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".