Molecular characterization and cyst-cell size relationships in the globally distributed yessotoxin producing dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Preliminary results of morphological and molecular analysis of the yessotoxin producing dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum (Claparède et Lachmann 1858) Bütschli 1885 are presented. Body size was measured for up to 50 specimens encountered in 34 globally distributed plankton samples. When possible, these measurements were compared to the body diameter of 50 cysts of P. reticulatum extracted from surface sediment at the same locations. The average body length of theca and average body diameter of cyst were found to be significantly correlated (R2= 0.83). A global distribution map of cyst body diameters from 609 surface sediment samples shows that the largest cysts are to be found in South Africa, Chile, British Columbia (Canada), Laptev Sea and southern Greenland. Some of these locations with large cysts coincide with locations where high cell concentrations of P. reticulatum have been recorded, in particular South Africa, Chile and British Columbia. It is therefore possible that strains forming these large cysts and cells might be responsible for toxic outbreaks of this species. We also sequenced some cysts or thecate cells germinated from cysts (LSU, SSU and ITS rDNA). This molecular data reveals that although the LSU and SSU sequences are identical for the sequenced individuals, there are significant differences in the ITS sequences of this species and currently we are reinvestigating cultures to link these molecular differences to morphological variations and toxin production. Samples from Florida and Yucatan contained Protoceratium cf. globosum and no Protoceratium reticulatum.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.014 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".