Spatial Distribution and Toxic Potency of Trace Metals in Surface Sediments of the Seine Estuary (France)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Due to very high anthropogenic pressures and urban waste discharge, the Seine estuary is still among the world's most polluted estuaries. The purpose of this work is to investigate the distribution of trace metals in surface sediments in order to assess to the contamination level, metal bioavailability, and ecotoxicological status. Five sites covering the salinity gradient of the estuary were chosen to evaluate the distribution and contamination level of trace metals in surface sediments. The results showed that trace metal concentration varied seasonally and spatially. Subsequently to assess the actual environmental toxicity of sediments, the Microtox® Bioassay using Vibrio fischeri was applied on aqueous extract of sediment. Calculated enrichment factors revealed that these sediments were highly polluted by mercury, cadmium, zinc, and lead. Most of pollution sources are localized upstream especially in Poses and Oissel, and the contamination levels decreased from Poses to north mudflat site. Positive values of toxicity index were detected in the upstream sediments indicating potential bioavailability of trace metals in the sediments. Sediment toxicity measured with the Microtox® test was positively correlated with toxicity index demonstrating the usefulness of the toxicity index for sediment quality assessment and possible implication of metals in sediment toxicity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".