Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ice islands are a major hazard for offshore structures and shipping on the Canadian East Coast. Calving rates and drift rates of ice islands for the two main sources of ice islands in Canadian waters, the Ellesmere Island Ice Shelves and the Petermann Glacier, are described using values from the literature and from satellite imagery. The Petermann Glacier, is of more importance as a hazard for the Canadian East Coast. Until recently, the position of the Petermann calving front fluctuated over time, with no significant trend. However in the year or two prior to the calving event of 2010, the calving front was unusually far into the fjord along the northeast side, and since the calving event, the calving front as a whole appears to be at a new minimum position. The Ellesmere Island Ice Shelves are of less importance as a hazard for the Canadian East Coast, since they produce ice islands that usually drift in the Arctic Ocean, but occasionally enter Nares Strait or the Canadian Archipelago. For the Ellesmere Ice Shelf between 66 and 79°W, the calved ice area per unit time has been relatively constant over the last 100 years, although the frequency of calving has varied over time. Fragments of ice islands from both areas that reach Nares Strait (80.8°N), can later reach Davis Strait in 4-5 months and the Grand Banks area in 9-10 months. However, most fragments are delayed or lost before reaching the Grand Banks, due to entrapment in coastal inlets or slow current regions, grounding or melting. Thus, ice island occurrence on the Labrador and Newfoundland coast is partly determined by the length of the iceberg season. The iceberg season length since 1900 shows a strong multidecadal variation, and is consistent with air temperature changes in the Labrador Sea area.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".