Tomographie par coherence optique pour le guidage de chirurgies minimalement invasives du rachis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
RESUME La scoliose idiopathique adolescente est une deformation tridimensionnelle complexe de la colonne vertebrale necessitant une intervention chirurgicale pour les courbures severes. Les methodes chirurgicales actuellement utilisees sont tres invasives; elles requierent une large incision, une instrumentation massive en plus de la fusion d’une section de la colonne. Afin d’ameliorer les conditions postoperatoires et de preserver la flexibilite des patients scoliotiques, de nouvelles approches chirurgicales sans fusion osseuse faisant plutot appel a la modulation de la croissance ont ete developpees recemment. Dans cette veine, une equipe multidisciplinaire de l’Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal et du Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine developpe actuellement une technique basee sur l’insertion de micro-agrafes entre la plaque de croissance de la vertebre et le disque intervertebral. Ce dispositif permet de moduler passivement la croissance des vertebres du cote convexe de la courbure scoliotique. Cette modulation modifie alors la geometrie des vertebres qui, chez les patients scoliotiques, presente une cuneiformisation. La modulation induite par ces dispositifs permettrait alors de corriger la courbure de la colonne. Cette technique innovatrice permettrait de preserver la flexibilite de la colonne et la sante du disque intervertebral en plus d’etre compatible avec des approches minimalement invasives. Pour etre efficaces, les micro-agrafes doivent neanmoins etre positionnees avec une precision sous-millimetrique a l’interface entre la plaque de croissance et le disque intervertebral. Un guidage peroperatoire en temps reel est ainsi necessaire au succes de ce type d’intervention. La tomographie par coherence optique (OCT) est un bon candidat pour cette application. L’OCT se base sur une technique d’interferometrie a faible coherence afin de fournir des coupes transversales d’une dizaine de micrometres de resolution sur 2 a 3 mm en profondeur. Cette technique presente une acquisition en temps reel et est compatible avec l’endoscopie, demontrant ainsi un potentiel interessant pour le guidage peroperatoire de chirurgies minimalement invasives (MIS) de la colonne. L’objectif general de ce projet de maitrise est donc d’evaluer la capacite de l’OCT a localiser et identifier les structures rachidiennes (plaque de croissances, tissu osseux, disques intervertebraux et tissu conjonctif) ainsi qu’a guider l’implantation de micro-agrafes. Pour ce faire, une sonde OCT respectant les contraintes chirurgicales d’une MIS effectuee par thoracoscopie (via le thorax) a ete concue et developpee. Cette sonde presente un diametre externe de 17 mm et fait 30 cm de long. Couplee a un interferometre fibre, la sonde permet des----------ABSTRACT Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a complex 3D deformity of the spine which requires surgical intervention in severe cases of the condition. The existing corrective procedure of scoliosis is very invasive; it involves a long incision and a large instrumentation, in addition to the fusion of a section of the spine. To improve postoperative conditions and to preserve patients’ spinal flexibility, novel fusionless surgical approaches involving growth modulation are under investigation. With this objective in mind, a multidisciplinary team from Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal and Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center is developing a surgical technique based on the insertion of micro-staples between vertebral growth plates and corresponding intervertebral disks. Each micro-staple passively modulates the vertebral growth on the convex side of the scoliotic curvature. This modulation modifies vertebral geometry which, for scoliotic patients, presents a wedging deformity. The modulation induced by these devices could lead to the correction of the curvature of the spine. This innovative procedure would preserve the flexibility of the spine as well as the health of intervertebral disks, in addition to being compatible with minimally invasive approaches. However, to be efficient, the micro-staples must be placed at the junction between the growth plate and the disk with a sub-millimeter precision. An intraoperative guiding system is therefore required to ensure the success of the intervention. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising candidate for this application. OCT is based on low-coherence interferometry and provides cross-sectional images with a resolution about 10 μm for a depth of 2 to 3 mm. This technique allows for the real-time acquisition of images and is compatible with endoscopy, thereby showing a potential for the intraoperative guidance of minimally invasive surgeries (MIS) of the spine. The main objective of this master’s project is therefore to evaluate the possibility of using OCT to localize as well as identify spinal structures (such as growth plates, osseous tissue, intervertebral disks and connective tissue) and to guide the insertion of micro-staples. To attain this objective, an OCT handheld probe was designed and developed according to the surgical constraints of MIS performed by thoracoscopy (through the thorax). This probe has an external diameter of 17 mm and is 30 cm long. Coupled with a fibered interferometer, the axial and lateral resolutions of the probe are of 16 and 27 μm respectively. The OCT probe was
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".