Bibliographic record
Abstract
Este artículo analiza ejemplos seleccionados de usos de tácticas argumentativas que explotan lenguaje emotivo, muchas de las cuales han sido criticadas como engañosas e incluso falaces por fuentes clásicas y recientes, incluyendo manuales de lógica informal actuales. El análisis se basa en seis esquemas de argumentación y en una explicación del marco dialéctico en el que se usan esos esquemas. Las tres conclusiones son (1) que tales usos de lenguaje emotivo son a menudo razonables y necesarios en la argumentación que se basa en valores, (2) pero que son derrotables y, por tanto, han de considerarse abiertos a preguntas críticas (3) y que cuando se usan falazmente es porque interfieren con el cuestionamiento crítico u oculta la necesidad de éste. El análisis ofrece criterios para distinguir entre argumentos basados en el uso de palabras emotivas que son herramientas razonables de persuasión y tácticas falaces usadas para ocultar y distorsionar información.Palabras clave: Lenguaje cargado, redefiniciones, eufemismos, persuasión, argumentación.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.021 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".