Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Middle East is the most concentrated region of water scarcity in the world. Since biblical times, the region, specifically the Jordan River Valley, which comprises modern Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and the West Bank, has been assailed by a profound shortage of water. Today, as was true in the past three millennia, this region has found itself strewn into the most constricted area of water scarcity in the world. Furthermore, due to mounting demands on the region's water resources in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, water remains a very precious commodity that cannot continue to support the current population or the ever-increasing one. The Jordan River Valley extends from the Golan Heights and Mount Hermon in the north to the Dead Sea in the south and includes Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and the West Bank. The river's watershed drains 18,300 square kilometers in these political entities and includes the Sea of Galilee. Eighty percent of the basin, however, is in Israel, Jordan, and the West Bank, which do not have other significant surface water sources, and have only limited groundwater resources. The region's groundwater resources are also over-taxed. But can a comprehensive water allocation plan be worked out? Numerous plans for water allocation of Jordan River Basin waters have been suggested over the past nine decades. One of the first proposals was introduced in 1913 by the Ottoman Turkish Empire. In 1922, following the League of Nations' grant of a mandate over Palestine to Britain, the latter realized that water management and allocation were critical for the region. Ultimately, a plan developed in the 1950s by U.S. Ambassador, Eric Johnson, is the most workable. In addressing international/transboundary water issues international lawyers have developed a number of principles, which are applicable here. These include the doctrine of equitable utilization, as developed in The Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers. I propose a system based on the 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty, entered into by the United States and by Great Britain, on behalf of Canada. That treaty required the establishment of an International Joint Commission, which had three members from each jurisdiction. The IJC has been working to pacifically resolve disputes for all these years. This system is ideal in light of the Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty of 1994 and The Oslo II Israeli-Palestinian Water Agreement, which form the basis for a future plan under the doctrine of equitable utilization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".