The atmospheric transport of iodine‐129 from <scp>F</scp>ukushima to <scp>B</scp>ritish <scp>C</scp>olumbia, <scp>C</scp>anada and its deposition and transport into groundwater
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Fukushima‐Daiichi nuclear accident (FDNA) released iodine‐129 (15.7 million year half‐life) and other fission product radionuclides into the environment in the spring and summer of 2011. 129 I is recognized as a useful tracer for the short‐lived radiohazard 131 I, which has a mobile geochemical behavior with potential to contaminate water resources. To trace 129 I released by the FDNA reaching Canada, pre‐accident and post‐accident rain samples collected in Vancouver, on Saturna Island and from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program in Washington State were measured. Groundwater from the Abbotsford‐Sumas Aquifer was sampled to determine the fate of 129 I that infiltrates below the root zone. Modeling of vadose zone transport was performed to constrain the travel time and retardation of 129 I. The mean pre‐accident 129 I concentration in rain was 31 × 10 6 atoms/L (n = 4). Immediately following the FDNA, 129 I values increased to 211 × 10 6 atoms/L and quickly returned to near‐background levels. However, pulses of elevated 129 I continued for several months. The increases in 129 I concentrations from both Vancouver and Saturna Island were synchronized, and occurred directly after the initial release from the FDNA. The 129 I in shallow ( 3 H/ 3 He age <1.4 years) Wassenaar et al. (2006) groundwater showed measurable variability through March 2013 with an average of 3.2 × 10 6 atoms/L (n = 32) that was coincident with modeled travel times for Fukushima 129 I. The groundwater response and the modeling results suggest that 129 I was partially attenuated in soil, which is consistent with its geochemical behavior; however, we conclude that the measured variability may be due to Fukushima 129 I entering groundwater.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".