Where are they now? Psychosocial, educational, and vocational outcomes after epilepsy surgery in childhood
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the social, educational, and vocational outcomes of young adults who underwent resective epilepsy surgery in childhood (4-11 years earlier), and in a comparison group of nonsurgical patients with intractable epilepsy. METHODS: Participants were 78 patients (mean age 22.37, standard deviation [SD] 2.47 years) with childhood onset intractable epilepsy, of whom 51 underwent surgery. At follow-up, participants were at least 18 years of age. Patients' current education, employment, income, and various social factors, including living arrangements, relationship status, and involvement with friends and community organizations were recorded. In addition, parents of patients completed the Adult Behaviour Checklist (ABCL). Employment status, education, and income were compared with provincial census data. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of surgical and nonsurgical patients who were seizure-free in the 12 months preceding the study: 53% and 33%, respectively (p = 0.10). Among all patients, 60% were enrolled in, or had completed, postsecondary education and 82% were employed or a student; similar to the general population. However, compared with population data, fewer patients with epilepsy (20%) had an annual income of $10,000 or greater (p < 0.001). Compared to normative data, a greater proportion of patients scored in the abnormal range in some ABCL scales (p < 0.028). Patients with IQs > 85 had significantly better educational, vocational, and psychosocial outcomes compared to patients with IQs ≤ 85. Surgical and nonsurgical patients did not differ on any outcome variable. Compared to patients with seizures, more seizure-free patients were living independently (p = 0.03), and had a driver's licence (p < 0.001). Other outcomes were similar among patients with and without seizures. SIGNIFICANCE: Overall, patients with intractable epilepsy in childhood attained educational and vocational outcomes similar to that of the general population, but earned a significantly lower income. Seizure freedom, attained through surgery or medication management, was associated with better outcomes in limited psychosocial measures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".