Paleolimnology of the Lake of the Woods southern basin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To quantify the environmental history of the southern basin of Lake of the Woods (Ontario, Manitoba and Minnesota), seven core locations were selected for retrospective analyses. Primary goals were to determine pre-European settlement conditions and track the timing and extent of anthropogenic impacts and remediation. Sediments were dated using isotopic analyses and fossil remains, in concord with other stratigraphic indicators (organic and inorganic materials, sedimentation rates, other biological entities), were used to reconstruct the ~150-year history of the lake. Diatom assemblages were assessed from sediment intervals and inferred trophic conditions in the profiles were derived using a regional diatom-based model for Minnesota lakes. Nutrient reconstructions indicated a period of cultural eutrophication throughout much of the 20th century. Despite a known reduction in anthropogenic nutrient flux to the lake in recent decades, there has been no apparent reversal in eutrophication in the pelagic system. Contemporary observations indicate that blooms of blue-green algae are becoming a greater problem. It appears that legacy nutrient recycling and other environmental drivers are maintaining the current condition of pelagic nutrient enrichment. Sedimentary analyses also indicated that physical changes to the lake resulting from warming may be contributing in small part to the recent reorganization of algal assemblages.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".