Migration Behaviours in Northern Ghana: A Gendered Perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The migration of youth from Ghanas three northernmost regions is not uncommon. Migration from these communities has generally been viewed as a passage rite from adolescence into adulthood. Whilst this remains the situation for most youth, specific reasons for migration are gender based. This paper examines these gendered differential migration motives. Aided by interrelated theories of political ecology and sustainable livelihood frameworks, the paper examines challenges, coping strategies and livelihood decision outcomes of youth in rural areas of northern Ghana. This paper uses a qualitative approach and relies on data from interviews and focus group discussions with migrant youth and elders from Mankuma area council in the Northern Region. Importantly, the paper demonstrates that whilst economic related reasons are cited by male migrants as most important for their engagement in seasonal migration, females cited negative cultural practices as the most important reason for their engagement in seasonal migration. Specifically, the general lack of opportunities in the communities to earn cash resulted in migration of males. In the case of females, results from this study indicate that young girls in particular use migration as a betrothal marriage avoidance or postponement technique. Additionally, migration offers females an escape from the burdens of domestic responsibilities. The study contributes to the understanding of the gendered social realities surrounding livelihoods and makes relevant policy recommendations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".