Waterborne 17α-Ethynylestradiol Affects Aggressive Behaviour of Male Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) under Artificial Spawning Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Among fishes, courtship behaviour and nesting defense are strong predictors of reproductive success. We conducted three experiments to assess the impacts of exposure to 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) on the ability of male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to establish and defend a spawning territory. Fish were exposed to EE2 (2 or 8 ng L-1) for 27 days, while spawning conditions were gradually optimized. Control (ethanol only) males (C) were paired with treated males (L = low dose, H = high dose) (experiment 1) or individuals from their own treatment group (experiment 2) in competition for a nest site. Solitary males occupied a nest site prior to adding a second male from the same treatment group in experiment 3. Behaviour was quantified from video records. Exposure to EE2 impaired a male's ability to compete and acquire territories compared to unexposed individuals (experiment 1), but was similar when males were paired with like-treated conspecifics (experiments 2 and 3). Higher levels of overall aggression (aggression rates of both fish) occurred in Cvs.L and Cvs.H than Cvs.C trials (experiment 1). Induction of vitellogenin was significantly higher in exposed fish relative to controls.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".