Bibliographic record
Abstract
All four Northern Swans (Whooper, Cygnus cygnus cygnus; Trumpeter, C.c.buccinator; T undra [W histling], C.colum bianus columbianus; Bewick's, C.c.bewickii) and the introduced Mute Swan, C. olor, occur in North America.The Whooper Swan is a regular win ter visitor from USSR to the Aleutian Islands (Kenyon 1963), has been reported breeding or moulting in W. Alaska and is a rare vagrant (Palmer 1976, Allen pers, comm.)along the east coast.The Tundra and Bewick's Swan sub species differ in the amount of yellow on the bill (Palmer 1976).Theirdistribution is circumpolar, breeding in the high arctic tundra.The Tundra Swan is now breeding in USSR on theCutotskij Peninsula, having spread there from the Seward Peninsula, Alaska.In USSR it is intergrading with the Bewick's Swan (Kishchinski et al. 1975) and has been sighted in west and east USA (Evans & Sladen 1980).The Tundra Swan is the most abundant swan in North America, there being an estimated 91,000 in the Eastern Population (EP) and 79,000 in the Western Population (WP) totalling about 170,OObirds(Serie 1989).Thereare about 12,000 Trumpeter Swans, about 10,000 of which breed in Alaska, the rest in west and m id west U S A and Canada.Tundra and Trumpeter Swans have been steadily increasing in numbers since they were protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 over 70 years ago (Bartonek etal.1981a, Serie & Bartonek 1991a, Conant et al. 1991).The Mute Swan reached an all-time high of 7,900 in 1989.All but 1,000 are in the Atlantic Fly way.The current annual growth rate of this aggressive alien as indicated by numbers of near-fledged cygnets in summer 1986 was 13.5% (Allin etal.1987).The most abundant swans worldwide are the Mute (Weiloch 1991), Black, C.atratus, and Whooper (Ravkin 1991) Swans estimated at about 500,000 each.The Tundra Swan is fourth close to the B lack -n eck ed Swan, C. melanocoryphus (100,000).The rarest are the T ru m p eter, B e w ick 's and C oscoroba, Coscoroba coscoroba, Swans.The Tundra Swan is the only Northern Swan hunted for sport recreation and the USA the only country shooting them for this purpose.Elsewhere, including Canada and USSR where most of the Northern Swans breed, swans are completely protected.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.265 | 0.150 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".