Securing the Energy Supply in North America - Canadian and U.S. Speaker
Bibliographic record
Abstract
MR. CLELAND: Dave and I spoke about this several weeks ago and decided that we should try to do something jointly.I think that reflects the underlying nature of the topic we are dealing with today.Canada and the U.S. have a very close energy relationship going back a long way.Consequently, it makes sense to do something, at least coordinated, if not precisely integrated.We will start off with a few of the key things we want to leave you with.One may be a bit overstated or always true is that energy certainly is a key to the North American economy, remembering the North America economy is one of the most energy-intensive in the world.That is true of both Canada and the U.S. Energy in and of itself is a very important industry and that the integration of energy, the commonality of our energy systems is extremely important to our joint economic security.Although we do produce a lot of energy and a diverse range of energies, we are getting less and less of it from North America.We import about 50 percent of our oil.Most Canadians do not realize we import about 50 percent of Canadian oil supplies into Canada from offshore.We are going to be importing an increasingly large part of our natural gas in the future.What that means is, yes, we have North American cooperation, but not a North t F. Michael Cleland is the Senior Vice President, Government Affairs, for the Canadian Electricity Association (CEA).Prior to joining CEA, he was Assistant Deputy Minister (ADM), Energy Sector in the Department of Natural Resources Canada (formerly Energy, Mines and Resources); Director General of the Energy Policy Branch; and Assistant Director,
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".