Environmentalism as Social Control? An Exploration of the Transformation of Pastoral Nomadic Societies in French Colonial North Africa
Bibliographic record
Abstract
When the French launched their 130 year rule in Algeria, this country was called the “land of sheep” (pays du mouton). This was appropriate, as nearly all of the local population was pastoralist or agro-pastoralist. This mobile population proved difficult to pacify and control and thus the French fought them, first in Algeria and later in Tunisia and Morocco, for a period spanning more than 100 years. Using many of the techniques developed at that time, contemporary North African regimes continue to execute the French colonial goal of controlling and sedentarizing the nomadic pastoralists. Many aspects of the pacification of North African populations by the French have been well-documented, especially in the military, political, and economic sectors. What has been less well explored, however, is how legislation in the agricultural and environmental sectors played a complementary role in the pacification and control of nomads in the Maghreb. This article, based on archival research, demonstrates how the im...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".