Liver irradiation causes distal bystander effects in the rat brain and affects animal behaviour
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
// Anna Kovalchuk 1 , Richelle Mychasiuk 1 , Arif Muhammad 1 , Shakhawat Hossain 1 , Slava Ilnytskyy 2 , Abhijit Ghose 3 , Charles Kirkby 3, 4 , Esmaeel Ghasroddashti 3, 4 , Olga Kovalchuk 2, 5 , Bryan Kolb 1, 5, 6 1 Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada 3 Jack Ady Cancer Center, Alberta Health Services, Lethbridge, AB, Canada 4 Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada 5 Alberta Epigenetics Network, Calgary, AB, Canada 6 Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada Correspondence to: Bryan Kolb, e-mail: kolb@uleth.ca Olga Kovalchuk, e-mail: olga.kovalchuk@uleth.ca Keywords: radiation therapy, brain, neuroanatomy, behaviour, gene expression Received: November 23, 2015 Accepted: November 24, 2015 Published: December 15, 2015 ABSTRACT Radiation therapy can not only produce effects on targeted organs, but can also influence shielded bystander organs, such as the brain in targeted liver irradiation. The brain is sensitive to radiation exposure, and irradiation causes significant neuro-cognitive deficits, including deficits in attention, concentration, memory, and executive and visuospatial functions. The mechanisms of their occurrence are not understood, although they may be related to the bystander effects. We analyzed the induction, mechanisms, and behavioural repercussions of bystander effects in the brain upon liver irradiation in a well-established rat model. Here, we show for the first time that bystander effects occur in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus regions upon liver irradiation, where they manifest as altered gene expression and somewhat increased levels of γH2AX. We also report that bystander effects in the brain are associated with neuroanatomical and behavioural changes, and are more pronounced in females than in males.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it