Creating a "Home Feeling": The Canadian Reading Camp Association and the Uses of Fiction, 1900–1905
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although the history of Canada ’s oldest adult literacy organization, Frontier College, is of great relevance to labour studies, it has been more or less ignored by this field, largely because of its links to the early 20th-century social gospel movement and because of the difficulty of studying workers’ responses to the association. This article examines the first half-decade of Frontier College (known until 1919 as the Canadian Reading Camp Association) using a variety of methodologies – labour history, cultural and literary history, the history of education, and the history of reading – to understand how culture was used in the service of liberal government in the context of northern Ontario’s lumber camps at the turn of the century. The association’s promotion of literacy via fiction for frontier labourers signalled a new acceptance in Canada of the notion that workers might actually be improved through fiction. Alfred Fitzpatrick, the association’s founder, feared a state that was failing to assume responsibility for isolated and uneducated men on the frontier, as well as working-class men who responded to their poor working conditions by succumbing to moral diseases that left them incapable of governing themselves, leading their families, or functioning as rational citizens. Fitzpatrick developed a double strategy to head off this crisis: he lobbied the state for structural change, and at the same time promoted a home-like environment for reading, as well as particular works of fiction, as a means of reminding male workers of their duty to self, family, and nation. Despite the association’s apparent interest in the cultivation of the liberal individual, its reliance on the reading room and on the fiction of popular authors such as Ralph Connor as surrogates for the absent family demonstrates the centrality of the apparently private sphere to early 20th-century Canada’s industrializing economy. Abstract: Bien que l’histoire de la plus ancienne association de l’alphabetisation des adultes du Canada, Frontier College, est d’une grande pertinence pour les etudes du travail, il a ete plus ou moins ignore par ce domaine, principalement en raison de ses liens avec le debut de mouvement de l’evangile social du 20e siecle et en raison de la difficulte d’etudier les reponses des travailleurs a l’association. Cet article examine la premiere demi-decennie du Frontier College (connu jusqu’en 1919 comme la Canadian Reading Camp Association) en utilisant une variete de methodes – l’histoire du travail, l’histoire culturelle et litteraire, l’histoire de l’education, et l’histoire de la lecture – pour comprendre comment la culture a ete utilisee au service du gouvernement liberal dans le contexte des camps de bucherons du nord de l’Ontario, au tournant du siecle. La promotion de l’association de l’alphabetisation par la fiction pour les travailleurs frontaliers a signale une nouvelle acceptation au Canada de la notion que les travailleurs pourraient effectivement etre ameliores a travers la fiction. Alfred Fitzpatrick, fondateur de l’association, craignait un etat qui ne parvenait pas a assumer la responsabilite pour les hommes isoles et sans instruction de la frontiere, ainsi que les hommes de la classe ouvriere qui ont repondu a leurs mauvaises conditions de travail en succombant a des maladies morales qui les a laisse incapables de gouverner eux-memes, de mener leurs familles, ou de fonctionner en tant que citoyens rationnels. Fitzpatrick a elabore une double strategie pour parer a cette crise : il a fait de la pression aupres de l’Etat pour un changement structurel, et en meme temps la promotion de la lecture dans un environnement presque domiciliaire, ainsi que des œuvres particulieres de fiction, comme un moyen de rappeler aux travailleurs masculins leur devoir envers eux-memes, leurs familles, et leur pays. Malgre l’interet evident de l’association dans la culture de l’individu liberal, sa dependance de la salle de lecture et de la fiction d’auteurs populaires tels que Ralph Connor comme remplacants pour la famille absente demontre la centralite de la sphere apparemment privee au debut du 20e siecle de l’economie de l’industrialisation au Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.044 | 0.035 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".