Perfluorinated Carboxylates and Sulfonates in Seabird eggs from the Pacific Coast of Canada: spatial and temporal trends
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is a continuing need to monitor contamination of the marine environment by xenobiotic compounds, particularly those which are persistent and accumulate in food chains. Eggs of marine birds have proven to be an efficient and effective means of measuring and tracking substances, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and mercury which are transferred from the female bird to the egg via yolk lipids or proteins. Here we report and discuss data from long term monitoring of POPs and mercury in seabird eggs from the northeast Pacific. For this program, the marine system was divided, and representative species selected. The nearshore subsurface is monitored using two cormorant, Phalacrocorax, species, auritus and pelagicus, both feed on a variety of benthic and pelagic fish. The offshore subsurface is monitored using the rhinoceros auklet, Cerorhinca monocerata, a feeder mainly on small pelagic fishes, with the offshore surface species, the Leach’s storm-petrel, Oceanodroma leucorhoa, which feeds mainly on surface plankton and larval fishes. At three breeding colonies each along the Pacific coast of Canada and at four year intervals 15 eggs are collected and analyzed as five pools of 3 eggs each. Among the chemicals measured in this long term study are the perfluorinated carboxylates and sulfonates. Data from a recent retrospective study, using archived samples collected from 1990 to 2011, shows, as reported for more polluted environments, that PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) increased in continental shelf ranging auklet eggs until the late 1990s and have declined since then. In contrast, another compound, PFUdA (perfluoroundecanoate) increased steadily in eggs of both near and offshore species. Stable isotopes will be used to examine the possible role of dietary variation, possibly related to marine regime shifts, in variation in contaminant levels in these monitored seabirds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".