Bibliographic record
Abstract
Barefoot Doctors and Western Medicine in China, by Xiaoping Fang. Rochester, University of Rochester Press, 2012. xii, 310 pp. $90.00 US (doth). During decade-long Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976, rural experienced a remarkable improvement in public health conditions despite nationwide political chaos. This improvement, according to author Xiaoping Fang, is attributed to doctor (chijiao yisheng) program--a radical system of health-care delivery for rural masses officially endorsed in 1968. The centrepiece of this program was introduction of into Chinese villages. The barefoot doctors, defined officially by People's Daily in 1968, young commune members who were selected to receive basic medical training and then returned to their brigades to serve their (p. 30). The term (chijiao) addresses both doctors' peasant-class origin and their socialist revolutionary passion. With implementation of rural-reform policies and dismantling of people's commune system after 1978, barefoot doctor program began to gradually disintegrate. Barefoot doctors who passed medical examinations and continued practicing medicine in villages were then renamed doctors. Fang provides a reliable and comprehensive account of barefoot doctor movement and its significant impact on contestation between Chinese and Western medicine, evolution of rural China's health-care system, and formation of a new professional group. The greatest strength of this book is author's effort to challenge orthodox interpretation of barefoot doctors' role in contest between Chinese and Western medicine in village arena. Employing evidence from local archives of Cultural Revolution period and personal interviews with villagers and former barefoot doctors in seven counties in eastern China, Fang closely examines a shifting constellation of factors including knowledge transmission, pharmaceutical prices and supply chains, healing styles, and medical beliefs. Fang argues against portrayal of barefoot doctors as a revolutionary vanguard, a perspective championed by prevailing government propaganda. He argues alternatively that barefoot doctors were more effective in facilitating entry of Western medicine into villages hitherto dominated by Chinese medicine through scientificization, institutionalization, and professionalization (p. 3), which consequently led to marginalization of traditional Chinese medicine and practice. In this sense, Fang concludes, the barefoot doctors program lasted from 1968 to 1983, [and] was a pivotal stage in displacement of Chinese medicine by Western medicine in rural China (p. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".