Is The Mobile Phone Technology Feasible For Effective Monitoring Of Defecation Practices In Ghana? The Case Of A Peri-Urban District In Ghana
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The world leaders have decided to increase the sanitation coverage in areas of with poor access and monitor the progress. However, data collection via existing paper-based monitoring and evaluation (M & E) survey tools has limitations, including the approach used in Ghana. Therefore, there is the need to test new innovative M & E tools for monitoring sanitation practices. Objective: To compare a mobile phone short messaging service (SMS) M & E survey tool with a paper based format in a rapidly expanding peri-urban setting of Prampram, Ghana. Methods: Four hundred and fifty-eight adults with access to a mobile phone were purposely selected. Next, they were randomly assigned to the group using SMS or the group reporting on sanitation practices through a paper-based survey method. Respondents were asked to answer 5 questions on sanitation practices once every quarter over a one-year period. Non-responders were interviewed to ascertain reasons for non-response. A subset of 227 respondents were interviewed to obtain information on acceptability, ease of use and level of privacy of the two M & E survey tools. Results: Respondents from this study, found the mobile phone SMS M & E survey tool to be feasible although the tool was unacceptable, not user friendly and offered a low level of privacy as compared to the paper tool. Conclusions: The mobile phone SMS M & E tool cannot replace paper-based tool for sanitation M & E in Ghana. Further studies could examine alternative mobile phone applications, for example the use of pictorial mobile phone technology for data collection among lowliteracy populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".