Bibliographic record
Abstract
To the Editor: Several years ago, I published a biographical account of Dr. Frank F. Allbritten, Jr. 1 Dr. Allbritten was an associate of Dr. John H. Gibbon, Jr., in Philadelphia, from 1946 to 1954, and was present during many of Gibbon's early open-heart surgical procedures involving the heart-lung machine. In the article, I credited Dr. Allbritten with devising a left ventricular vent catheter to evacuate the heart of air during open-chambered procedures. New information suggests that credit for this idea rightfully belongs to Dr. Bernard J. Miller (Fig. 1). Like Allbritten, Miller was a research associate of Dr. Gibbon's, and served as a Professor of Surgery at Jefferson Medical College Hospital in Philadelphia from 1950 to 1954. In a personal letter to me dated 24 September 2003, Dr. Miller mentioned that he, Allbritten, and Gibbon had met in 1952 to discuss the subject of decompressing the left side of the heart during experimental repair of atrial septal defects. According to Miller, it was his idea, not Allbritten's, to use a plastic catheter as a low-impedance path for deadly air bubbles to escape. At one point during the discussion, Allbritten did suggest that the catheter be placed via the left atrial appendage. At the time, however, this approach was dismissed in favor of the left ventricular apex. A description of the vent catheter appeared in the literature the following year, with Miller as primary author. 2 Much more recently, at a 1-day symposium, “Gibbon and His Heart-Lung Machine: 50 Years and Beyond” (Philadelphia, May 2003), Miller gave a splendid account of the vent's origin. 3. Fig. 1 Bernard J. Miller (center), with fellow Philadelphia surgeons Frank F. Allbritten, Jr. (left), and John Y. Templeton III (right), attending a surgical conference in Quebec in 1952. Commercially available vent catheters soon appeared on the market with various individuals and manufacturers taking credit for the idea (Fig. 2). Oscar Wilde once said, “The pure and simple truth is rarely pure and never simple.”. 4 In this instance, however, Dr. Miller's testimony is both accepted and appreciated. Fig. 2 Advertisement for a left ventricular vent catheter appearing in a 1969 perfusion journal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.018 | 0.018 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.013 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".