Fissions, fusions, and translocations shaped the karyotype and multiple sex chromosome constitution of the northeast-Asian wood white butterfly,<i>Leptidea amurensis</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous studies have shown a dynamic karyotype evolution and the presence of complex sex chromosome systems in three cryptic Leptidea species from the Western Palearctic. To further explore the chromosomal particularities of Leptidea butterflies, we examined the karyotype of an Eastern Palearctic species, Leptidea amurensis. We found a high number of chromosomes that differed between the sexes and slightly varied in females (i.e. 2n = 118–119 in females and 2n = 122 in males). The analysis of female meiotic chromosomes revealed multiple sex chromosomes with three W and six Z chromosomes. The curious sex chromosome constitution [i.e. W1–3/Z1–6 (females) and Z1–6/Z1–6 (males)] and the observed heterozygotes for a chromosomal fusion are together responsible for the sex-specific and intraspecific variability in chromosome numbers. However, in contrast to the Western Palearctic Leptidea species, the single chromosomal fusion and static distribution of cytogenetic markers (18S rDNA and H3 histone genes) suggest that the karyotype of L. amurensis is stable. The data obtained for four Leptidea species suggest that the multiple sex chromosome system, although different among species, is a common feature of the genus Leptidea. Furthermore, inter- and intraspecific variations in chromosome numbers and the complex meiotic pairing of these multiple sex chromosomes indicate the role of chromosomal fissions, fusions, and translocations in the karyotype evolution of Leptidea butterflies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".